How ERP Implementation Support is Revolutionizing Financial Management

Introduction

Financial management has always been at the heart of business success, yet many organizations continue to struggle with manual processes, delayed reporting, compliance risks, and lack of real-time insights. In today’s competitive landscape, where speed and accuracy are non-negotiable, traditional financial management methods fall short. This is where ERP Implementation Support comes into play. By streamlining processes, automating financial workflows, and providing real-time visibility, ERP is no longer just an IT solution—it’s a strategic driver of growth. Businesses that adopt ERP for finance are not only enhancing accuracy and efficiency but also positioning themselves for long-term resilience.

What is ERP Implementation Support?

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is a comprehensive software solution that integrates core business processes, including finance, supply chain, HR, and operations, into a single platform. ERP Implementation Support refers to the expert guidance, resources, and strategies provided to businesses during the deployment and adoption of ERP systems.

Without proper implementation support, even the best financial management software can fail to deliver results. Support services ensure smooth transition, customization to business needs, user training, and continuous optimization. In modern businesses, ERP implementation support is crucial for aligning technology with organizational goals, reducing risks, and maximizing ROI.

Why Financial Management Needs ERP

Financial management is often plagued by common issues such as:

  • Manual data entry errors that lead to inaccuracies.
  • Time-consuming reconciliations and reporting delays.
  • Difficulty maintaining compliance with evolving regulations.
  • Poor visibility into cash flow and financial health.

ERP for finance directly addresses these challenges. By consolidating data across departments, ERP eliminates silos and ensures accuracy. Business process automation accelerates tasks like invoicing, payroll, expense tracking, and auditing, while compliance tools reduce regulatory risks. Ultimately, ERP systems transform financial management into a proactive, data-driven function rather than a reactive one.

How ERP Implementation Support is Revolutionizing Financial Management

The real revolution lies not just in adopting ERP but in how ERP Implementation Support optimizes its impact. With expert support, businesses gain:

  • Automation and Accuracy: Manual processes are replaced by automated workflows that reduce human error and ensure consistent reporting.
  • Compliance and Risk Management: Built-in compliance tools help organizations stay aligned with regulations while reducing fraud risks.
  • Cost Efficiency: Automated reporting and faster workflows cut operational costs.
  • Real-Time Reporting: Leaders gain access to dashboards and analytics for informed decision-making.
  • Seamless Integration: ERP connects finance with procurement, sales, and HR, making financial data a central hub for the entire business.

When ERP implementation is guided by experienced consultants, businesses experience smoother transitions, fewer disruptions, and faster value realization.

Key Benefits of ERP Implementation Support in Finance
  1. Improved Data Accuracy – Elimination of duplicate entries and inconsistencies.
  2. Faster Reporting – Automated reporting tools reduce month-end close times.
  3. Compliance Management – Easy alignment with tax laws, auditing standards, and international regulations.
  4. Cash Flow Visibility – Real-time dashboards provide clear insights into receivables, payables, and liquidity.
  5. Risk Management – Early detection of anomalies reduces fraud and financial mismanagement.

These ERP system benefits collectively enhance financial control and empower decision-makers with reliable data.

ERP Implementation Support: Best Practices for Businesses

To maximize success with ERP for finance, businesses should follow certain best practices:

  • Choose the Right ERP System: Evaluate financial management software options based on scalability, industry-specific features, and integration capabilities.
  • Cloud vs On-Premise ERP: Cloud-based ERP solutions are increasingly popular due to their flexibility, scalability, and lower upfront costs compared to traditional systems.
  • Prioritize Training and Support: Ensure finance teams are well-trained to use ERP features effectively. Ongoing support reduces resistance to change and enhances adoption.
  • Partner with Expert Consultants: Collaborating with ERP specialists ensures proper customization, faster implementation, and strategic alignment with business goals.
Future of ERP in Financial Management

The future of financial management is being shaped by rapid digital transformation in finance. ERP systems are evolving with advanced technologies such as:

  • AI and Machine Learning: Automating anomaly detection, fraud prevention, and forecasting with greater accuracy.
  • Predictive Analytics: Offering data-driven predictions for cash flow, investments, and budgeting.
  • Cloud-Based and Mobile ERP: Enabling finance teams to access real-time data from anywhere, supporting global operations and remote work.

These trends ensure that ERP remains a critical tool for businesses striving to remain competitive in a digital-first economy.

Conclusion

In an era where financial management demands speed, accuracy, and compliance, ERP Implementation Support has become indispensable. From automating workflows and ensuring data accuracy to improving reporting and compliance, ERP is truly revolutionizing finance. With the right implementation strategy, businesses can achieve cost efficiency, enhance decision-making, and gain a competitive edge.

For organizations ready to embrace digital transformation in finance, now is the time to invest in ERP implementation support. By doing so, businesses not only optimize current operations but also future-proof themselves for growth in a rapidly evolving marketplace.

Outsourced Bookkeeping, Controller, and CFO Services for Small Businesses

Choosing the Right Level of Accounting Support

As a small business owner, one of the biggest challenges is deciding how much accounting support you actually need. Many outsourced finance firms package their services under titles typically found in a larger finance department — Bookkeeper, Financial Controller (FC), and Chief Financial Officer (CFO).

In a corporate setting, these roles have strict hierarchies: a Controller is more senior than a Bookkeeper but less senior than a CFO. In outsourced accounting, the same logic applies — Bookkeepers cost the least, while CFOs command the highest fees. But in smaller businesses, the lines between these roles blur, and understanding exactly what you need can help you avoid overpaying for services.

This guide breaks down the differences between outsourced Bookkeeper, Controller, and CFO services — so you can make an informed decision and pay for only what truly benefits your business.

Bookkeeping Services: The Foundation of Small Business Accounting

In most small businesses, a Bookkeeper provides the core financial support needed to stay organized and compliant. Bookkeepers manage day-to-day records and ensure transactions are accurately logged into your accounting system.

Typical Outsourced Bookkeeping Tasks:
  • Setting up and maintaining accounting software (for most small businesses this can be handled without CFO input).
  • Recording income and expenses.
  • Reconciling bank accounts.
  • Creating and sending sales invoices.
  • Entering supplier bills and expenses.
  • Running payroll.
  • Preparing basic financial statements like Profit & Loss and Balance Sheet.

For most service-based businesses, a skilled bookkeeper can cover all essential finance functions at the most affordable rate. However, if you need advanced reporting or adjustments, that’s where Controller-level services come in.

Financial Controller Services: Advanced Oversight and Reporting

A Financial Controller bridges the gap between bookkeeping and strategic financial management. Controllers handle more complex processes that require deeper accounting knowledge, stronger controls, and management-level oversight.

Typical Outsourced Controller Services:
  • Managing supplier payments (often requires secure access to business bank accounts).
  • Handling customer collections, including escalations for overdue invoices.
  • Producing advanced financial reports, such as accrual-based P&L or integrated reports that combine data from other systems (POS, marketing platforms, etc.).
  • Reviewing and adjusting financial entries to ensure reports accurately reflect business performance.

If your business has growing transaction volume, requires accrual accounting, or needs detailed financial insights beyond standard reports, hiring Controller-level support makes sense.

CFO Services: Strategic Finance and Business Growth
  • A Chief Financial Officer (CFO) provides the highest level of outsourced financial expertise. Unlike Bookkeepers and Controllers, CFOs focus on long-term planning, growth, and strategic decision-making.
  • Typical Outsourced CFO Services:
  • Financial modelling for fundraising, investment pitches, and long-term cash flow planning.
  • Budgeting and forecasting to guide departments and align staff with company goals.
  • Cost analysis and efficiency reviews to identify savings and optimize profitability.
  • Industry-specific strategy — the best CFOs understand your sector and can benchmark performance against competitors.
  • Support with special projects, such as mergers, acquisitions, or preparing for venture capital presentations.
  • A CFO is ideal when your business is scaling, preparing for investment, or navigating complex financial decisions. But you shouldn’t pay CFO rates for routine bookkeeping or Controller tasks.
How to Decide Which Service Level You Need

Bookkeeper: Best for small businesses that need accurate records, payroll, invoicing, and basic reports.

Controller: Recommended for businesses that require accrual accounting, payment management, and detailed reporting.

CFO: Essential for companies seeking strategic growth, fundraising, or financial restructuring.

Conclusion:

Outsourced accounting doesn’t have to be confusing or expensive. The key is understanding the difference between Bookkeeper, Controller, and CFO services — and only paying for what your business truly needs.

  • A Bookkeeper is usually enough for small businesses to manage daily finances and basic reports.
  • A Financial Controller adds value when you need accurate accrual-based reporting, supplier payments, or more advanced oversight.
  • A CFO delivers strategic insight, financial modelling, and growth-focused guidance — but should only be used when your business is at the stage to benefit from high-level financial leadership.

By choosing the right level of outsourced accounting support, you’ll save money, gain clarity, and ensure your business finances are always moving in the right direction.

SaaS Revenue Policy & IPO Readiness Case Study Canada/US

Discover how a cross-border SaaS achieved clean audits, faster closes, and IPO readiness with IFRS 15/ASC 606 revenue policy and investor-grade metrics.

Introduction

In the fast-paced SaaS industry, scaling successfully requires more than just strong recurring revenue growth. Investors, auditors, and regulators demand precise financial reporting that aligns with global standards—particularly when a company is preparing for capital raises or an eventual IPO.

This case study highlights how a Canada/US cross-border SaaS company partnered with our technical accounting and advisory team to resolve revenue recognition inconsistencies, achieve compliance with IFRS 15 and ASC 606, and prepare investor-grade disclosures. The engagement resulted in a clean audit, accelerated close timelines, and the development of metrics and reporting practices that positioned the company for due diligence and IPO readiness.

Situation: Challenges Facing the SaaS Company

The SaaS company operated across both Canada and the United States, with revenue streams spanning subscriptions, implementation fees, and usage-based contracts. While growth was strong, the finance team faced several significant challenges:

  1. Mixed IFRS and US GAAP reporting requirements – Operating in both jurisdictions, the company needed consistency across IFRS 15 and ASC 606 to meet auditor and investor expectations.

  2. Revenue policy inconsistencies – Different teams applied varying interpretations of contract revenue recognition, leading to misalignment in reported results.

  3. Lack of a revenue subledger – Manual revenue tracking using spreadsheets was inefficient, error-prone, and unsustainable at scale.

  4. Incomplete disclosures – Draft financial statements lacked the depth of disclosures expected by auditors, lenders, and potential IPO investors.

Leadership understood that without addressing these issues, the company risked audit challenges, delays in fundraising, and reputational risk during diligence processes.

Approach: Building an Investor-Ready Revenue Framework

Our engagement focused on four key pillars: technical accounting, system enablement, policy clarity, and investor-grade disclosures.

1. Drafting a Unified Revenue Recognition Policy

We authored a comprehensive revenue recognition policy under both IFRS 15 and ASC 606. The policy provided:

  • Consistent guidance across all revenue streams (subscriptions, professional services, usage).

  • Clear rules for contract modifications, discounts, and variable consideration.

  • Defined treatment of standalone selling prices (SSP) and allocation of contract revenues.

This gave the finance team and auditors a unified playbook, eliminating interpretive inconsistencies.

2. Testing Standalone Selling Prices (SSP)

We performed a detailed analysis of pricing data across geographies and customer segments. By testing SSPs, we:

  • Established evidence-based ranges for key products and services.

  • Documented methodologies for allocation of discounts and bundled contracts.

  • Reduced the risk of audit challenges and ensured defensible revenue allocation.

3. Implementing a Revenue Subledger

Recognizing that spreadsheets were no longer sufficient, we partnered with the finance and IT teams to stand up a revenue subledger:

  • Automated revenue recognition calculations in line with IFRS 15/ASC 606.

  • Integrated with the company’s ERP and CRM systems for end-to-end contract visibility.

  • Provided auditable, system-generated revenue schedules—reducing manual journal entries.

The subledger allowed for faster close cycles and consistent, scalable reporting.

4. Preparing Investor-Grade Disclosures

Finally, we enhanced financial statement disclosures to align with investor and auditor expectations:

  • Expanded detail on revenue recognition policies.

  • Segmented reporting of ARR (Annual Recurring Revenue) and NRR (Net Revenue Retention).

  • Transparent reconciliations between GAAP metrics and investor-focused SaaS KPIs.

This positioned the company for diligence processes tied to fundraising and IPO preparation.

Results: From Audit Challenges to IPO Readiness

The engagement delivered measurable outcomes within the first year:

  • Clean audit opinion – Revenue policies and subledger outputs passed auditor review without adjustments.

  • Faster close timelines – Month-end close accelerated as manual revenue reconciliations were eliminated.

  • Investor-grade metrics – ARR and NRR reporting provided the transparency demanded by venture investors and IPO analysts.

  • Diligence readiness – The company was able to enter fundraising and IPO preparation processes with confidence, supported by defensible revenue reporting.

(Specific client metrics are anonymized and pending approval.)

Why This Matters for SaaS Companies in Canada and the US

SaaS companies face unique financial reporting challenges:

  • Complex contracts with multiple performance obligations.

  • Cross-border operations, requiring alignment across IFRS and US GAAP.

  • Investor expectations for standardized metrics like ARR, NRR, CAC, and LTV.

By addressing revenue recognition, implementing systems, and preparing disclosures, SaaS companies not only ensure compliance but also unlock credibility in the eyes of investors, auditors, and public markets.

For cross-border SaaS businesses, these capabilities are critical in building the foundation for IPO readiness and sustainable growth.

Key Takeaways

This case study demonstrates how technical accounting expertise combined with system implementation can transform a SaaS company’s financial reporting:

  1. Revenue policy clarity eliminates inconsistencies and audit adjustments.

  2. SSP testing provides defensible pricing evidence for revenue allocation.

  3. Revenue subledgers automate compliance with IFRS 15/ASC 606 and accelerate close.

  4. Investor-grade disclosures enhance transparency and diligence readiness.

Conclusion

The Canada/US SaaS company’s transformation highlights the importance of revenue recognition discipline in scaling toward IPO readiness. By partnering with our advisory team, the company achieved a clean audit, reduced close timelines, and built investor trust with reliable ARR and NRR metrics.

For SaaS companies navigating cross-border reporting, this case proves that with the right advisory support, revenue policy and reporting can move from a source of risk to a strategic enabler of growth, fundraising, and IPO success.

Case Study: Non‑Profit Federation Audit Readiness & ERP Stabilization (Lower Mainland)

Non-Profit Audit Readiness & ERP Case Study Lower Mainland

See how a Lower Mainland non-profit achieved its first clean audit, cut manual journals by 40%, and stabilized ERP finance modules with expert advisory.

Introduction

For non-profit organizations, financial integrity is the foundation of credibility. Donors, funding agencies, and governing boards expect timely, accurate, and transparent financial reporting. Yet many non-profits face recurring audit adjustments, fragmented processes, and outdated or unstable systems that compromise their ability to deliver on these expectations.

This case study examines how a Non-profit audit readiness Lower Mainland overcame persistent audit issues and ERP challenges by engaging our accounting and advisory expertise. Through audit readiness preparation, documentation of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), and ERP finance module stabilization, the organization achieved its first clean audit, improved internal controls, and reduced manual workload—all while building a sustainable framework for long-term success.

Situation: The Challenges Facing the Federation

The federation is a multi-stakeholder non-profit responsible for programs and services that benefit a wide community base. Despite strong mission outcomes, the finance function was under pressure.

Key challenges included:

  1. Recurring audit adjustments – Year after year, auditors required post-close corrections, creating stress for the finance team and raising questions about data reliability.

  2. Fragmented processes – Accounting procedures were inconsistently applied across departments. Without standardized documentation, reporting cycles relied heavily on individual staff knowledge.

  3. Manual reporting – Reliance on spreadsheets for reconciliations and financial statements increased the risk of errors and consumed valuable time.

  4. Unstable ERP finance modules – System misconfigurations and weak integration with sub-ledgers led to inaccurate outputs, forcing staff to create manual workarounds.

These issues slowed down reporting, strained audit relationships, and distracted leadership from focusing on the federation’s mission.

Approach: Building a Foundation for Audit Readiness and ERP Stability

Our approach combined technical accounting expertise with ERP advisory services, ensuring both immediate audit readiness and long-term sustainability.

1. Audit Readiness: Schedules and Technical Memos

We began by strengthening the audit preparation process. This included:

  • Developing comprehensive audit schedules for all significant accounts.

  • Preparing technical accounting memos explaining treatments for complex transactions.

  • Ensuring reconciliations were complete, accurate, and clearly documented.

By providing auditors with transparent, well-supported documentation, the federation shifted from reactive adjustments to proactive readiness.

2. Documenting SOPs and Internal Controls

To address fragmented processes, we introduced structure and accountability by:

  • Creating Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for month-end close, reconciliations, and journal entries.

  • Designing internal control frameworks, including approval workflows and segregation of duties.

  • Training finance staff on consistent execution of SOPs to ensure repeatable processes.

These steps reduced reliance on institutional memory, ensured compliance, and embedded accountability at every level.

3. ERP Finance Module Stabilization

The ERP system, originally intended to streamline reporting, had become a source of inefficiency. We worked with the finance team and ERP vendor to:

  • Review and correct system configurations.

  • Reconnect and stabilize integration points between sub-ledgers and the general ledger.

  • Clean up historic data that caused reconciliation issues.

  • Train users to fully leverage ERP capabilities instead of resorting to spreadsheets.

With a stable ERP system, the federation was able to trust its financial data and significantly reduce manual corrections.

Results

The impact of this engagement was both measurable and sustainable:

  • First clean audit in 2024 – For the first time in years, the audit was completed without post-close adjustments, restoring confidence among auditors, board members, and funding partners.

  • On-time financial reporting – Monthly and year-end reporting deadlines were consistently met, enabling leadership to access reliable financial information faster.

  • 40% reduction in manual journal entries – Stabilized ERP processes meant fewer manual corrections and less time wasted on duplicative tasks.

  • Stronger internal controls – SOPs and documented workflows provided governance, transparency, and accountability across the finance function.

  • Improved staff efficiency – With a clear process roadmap and reliable system, the finance team shifted from reactive corrections to proactive analysis.

Why This Matters for Non-Profits in the Lower Mainland

Non-profits in the Lower Mainland face unique pressures:

  • Complex funding structures require precise reporting for grants, donations, and government contracts.

  • Audit expectations are increasing, with regulators and donors demanding transparency and accountability.

  • Resource constraints mean finance teams must do more with less, making efficiency and automation critical.

By achieving audit readiness and ERP stabilization, the federation not only solved its immediate audit challenges but also built a financial function capable of supporting growth, compliance, and stakeholder confidence.

Key Takeaways

This case study demonstrates that targeted advisory support can deliver transformational results for non-profits:

  1. Audit readiness eliminates recurring adjustments, reduces audit stress, and strengthens organizational credibility.

  2. ERP stabilization ensures the finance system becomes a reliable backbone for reporting, not a source of errors.

  3. SOPs and internal controls create consistency, reduce risk, and provide sustainability for future finance teams.

  4. Efficiency gains free staff time for higher-value analysis and mission-focused initiatives.

Conclusion

The journey of this Lower Mainland non-profit federation illustrates how the right combination of technical accounting, audit readiness support, and ERP advisory services can transform financial operations.

By preparing audit schedules and memos, documenting SOPs, and stabilizing ERP finance modules, the federation achieved its first clean audit, reduced manual workload by 40%, and delivered on-time, reliable reporting.

For non-profits across the Lower Mainland, this case proves that with structured advisory support, financial functions can evolve from reactive and fragmented to audit-ready, efficient, and strategically aligned.

The result? Greater transparency, stronger stakeholder confidence, and more capacity to focus on what truly matters—fulfilling the mission and creating community impact.

Case Study: Faster Close & Bank-Ready Reporting for a Vancouver Healthcare Group

Healthcare Group Close & Reporting Case Study Vancouver

Discover how a Vancouver healthcare group cut month-end close from 12 to 5 days and reduced lender variances by 45% with automated reporting solutions.

 

Introduction

In today’s competitive healthcare landscape, financial visibility and reporting accuracy are not optional—they are essential. Multi-location healthcare organizations, in particular, face unique challenges when it comes to month-end close, consolidation, and preparing lender-grade financial reporting.

This case study highlights how a multi-location healthcare group in Vancouver, British Columbia partnered with our M&A advisory and accounting experts to accelerate its financial close, enhance cash and margin visibility, and deliver banking-ready reports with confidence.

Situation

The healthcare group was experiencing several financial and operational bottlenecks:

  • Slow month-end close cycles, delaying access to financial insights.

  • Inconsistent general ledger (GL) structures across locations, making consolidation complex.

  • Limited visibility into KPIs, such as margin and cash, until weeks after the close.

  • Manual covenant monitoring, increasing risk of error and straining lender relationships.

The leadership team recognized that without a streamlined and standardized close process, they risked delayed decision-making, weakened cash flow management, and missed opportunities for growth.

Approach

Our team implemented a structured, technology-enabled approach designed to deliver both speed and accuracy.

1. Redesigned Close Calendar

We rebuilt the month-end close calendar from the ground up:

  • Introduced standardized deadlines for sub-ledger cut-offs (accounts payable, accounts receivable, payroll).

  • Sequenced consolidation activities across locations to minimize delays.

  • Established clear ownership of every close task.

  • Built accountability checkpoints, ensuring each step fed seamlessly into the next.

2. Standardized GL Mappings

Fragmented GL accounts across sites were a major obstacle to fast consolidation. We solved this by:

  • Designing a uniform mapping schema applicable across all locations.

  • Automating classification rules to reduce manual adjustments.

  • Enabling clean, accurate consolidation at the click of a button.

3. KPI Dashboards for Margin & Cash

We introduced cloud-based KPI dashboards that connected directly to the GL, giving leadership next-day access to critical metrics:

  • Gross margin and operating costs.

  • EBITDA and net income.

  • Cash position and working capital.

With dashboards updated automatically, the management team gained the ability to make data-driven decisions in real time rather than waiting weeks after the close.

4. Automated Covenant Workbook

Bank covenant monitoring was a manual, error-prone process that consumed significant time. To address this, we built an automated covenant workbook:

  • Directly tied to the GL for accuracy.

  • Instantly updated after close.

  • Delivered real-time visibility into ratios such as debt-service coverage and leverage.

5. Fractional Controller & Banking Support

Beyond process redesign, we provided fractional Controller services to embed strong oversight:

  • Conducted variance analysis and financial review each month.

  • Prepared lender-ready reporting packages.

  • Supported discussions with banks and debt providers.

Results

The transformation delivered measurable improvements within the first cycle:

  • Month-end close reduced from 12 days to 5 days, giving leadership faster access to financial results.

  • Lender variances reduced by 45%, strengthening trust and improving banking relationships.

  • Next-day visibility into KPIs such as margin and cash flow, enabling agile decision-making.

  • Automated covenant monitoring, saving hours of manual effort and eliminating reporting errors.

  • Improved financial control and accuracy across multiple locations.

Why This Matters for Vancouver Healthcare Organizations

Vancouver’s healthcare sector is unique:

  • Multi-site operations create complexity in consolidating financials.

  • Seasonal staffing fluctuations and diverse payer mixes impact reporting cycles.

  • Lender relationships—with both local credit unions and national banks—require timely, accurate covenant reporting.

By implementing standardized processes, automation, and robust dashboards, healthcare organizations in British Columbia can achieve both speed and precision in their financial reporting.

Key Takeaways

This case study demonstrates that accelerating close and strengthening reporting is not just about cutting days off the calendar—it is about unlocking real business value:

  • Faster decision-making through timely, accurate data.

  • Stronger lender relationships through precise covenant monitoring.

  • Greater operational alignment across locations.

  • Sustainable scalability with standardized processes and technology integration.

Conclusion

The Vancouver healthcare group’s journey shows how M&A advisory and accounting expertise can streamline close processes, automate covenant reporting, and provide real-time visibility into financial performance.

By combining process redesign, automation, and fractional Controller oversight, organizations can achieve faster closes, more reliable reporting, and stronger banking relationships—all while positioning themselves for long-term growth.

ERP Selection for Mid-Market Finance Teams: A Practical Framework

ERP Selection for Mid-Market Finance Teams

Choose and implement ERP with minimal disruption: governance, data, and controls that last.

Introduction

Mid-market finance teams in Vancouver and the BC Lower Mainland face a crowded ERP landscape. The right choice starts with outcomes—close, consolidation, revenue, projects, inventory, and reporting—then shortlists by industry fit, integrations, and total cost of ownership. Partnering with the right ERP advisory Vancouver team ensures your system supports growth, compliance, and investor-grade reporting.

1. Map Requirements First

The first step in any ERP selection process is defining business and finance requirements. Map processes related to:

  • Close and consolidation

  • Revenue recognition

  • Project accounting

  • Inventory management

  • Financial reporting and analytics

Documenting these requirements ensures that shortlisted ERP systems can meet core finance needs. Vancouver and BC mid-market companies often underestimate the complexity of their processes. A thorough mapping avoids missing functionality that could disrupt month-end, tax reporting, or investor-grade reporting post-implementation.

2. Evaluate Options Strategically

Once requirements are clear, create a shortlist of ERP solutions based on:

  • Industry fit

  • Integration capabilities

  • Total cost of ownership (TCO)

  • Product roadmap and vendor support

Not every popular ERP solution is a good fit for mid-market finance teams. For example, enterprise systems like SAP or Oracle may offer robust features but carry complexity and cost, whereas NetSuite or other cloud-based systems may better align with BC mid-market scalability and operational agility. Prioritizing solutions that align with strategic finance objectives mitigates risk and ensures a smoother implementation.

3. Cleanse and Prepare Data

ERP implementations often fail due to poor data preparation. Core finance data—COA, vendor and customer master files, inventory, and item masters—must be cleaned and standardized. Assign ownership of data to specific finance or operational personnel to ensure accountability.

In Vancouver mid-market companies, inconsistencies in legacy spreadsheets or multiple systems are common. Without proper data governance, ERP implementation can amplify errors rather than resolve them. Early cleansing and clear data ownership form the foundation for reliable reporting, internal controls, and successful finance transformation.

4. Design Controls Before Go-Live

Strong internal controls are essential prior to ERP deployment. Define approval workflows, role-based access, and audit trails in advance. Pre-go-live testing of controls ensures that segregation of duties, journal approvals, and compliance checks are functioning correctly.

In BC finance teams, failure to implement controls early often leads to post-implementation fixes, increasing costs and risk. By designing and testing SOPs and controls upfront, companies embed governance into the system, providing board-level confidence and ensuring audit readiness from day one.

5. Implement in Phases

ERP implementation should follow a phased approach:

  • Parallel reporting to validate results

  • Cutover rehearsals for live transactions

  • Hypercare period post-go-live for troubleshooting

This approach minimizes operational disruption and allows finance teams to adapt to the new system gradually. In Vancouver, mid-market organizations benefit from phased rollouts that preserve month-end cycles, financial reporting timelines, and investor communications. ERP implementation is not just about software—it’s a process transformation that must support finance objectives throughout the transition.

6. Ensure Finance-First Alignment

The biggest ERP mistakes occur when IT drives the project without finance involvement. FinWise emphasizes a finance-first perspective—process first, software second. The system should support close calendars, rolling forecasts, FP&A, and reporting to investors and boards.

For Vancouver and BC companies, aligning ERP capabilities with finance transformation initiatives ensures that automation, internal controls, and SOPs are integrated, reducing manual intervention and improving efficiency. This approach also facilitates better governance, stronger audit compliance, and more reliable operational data.

7. Monitor and Optimize Post-Implementation

ERP selection and deployment are only the beginning. Post-go-live monitoring ensures that the system delivers the expected benefits. Finance teams should track:

  • System adoption and user proficiency

  • Data accuracy and reporting consistency

  • Internal control effectiveness

  • Integration with other operational systems

Continuous improvement and optimization help mid-market teams in Vancouver realize the full ROI of their ERP investment. It also ensures that SOPs and controls evolve with business growth and regulatory requirements.

8. Benefits of a Finance-First ERP Selection

By grounding ERP selection in finance outcomes, mid-market companies in Vancouver and the BC Lower Mainland achieve:

  • Faster close and consolidation cycles

  • Reliable FP&A and forecasting

  • Enhanced investor reporting

  • Strong internal controls and SOPs

  • Reduced implementation risk and operational disruption

This approach minimizes the common pitfalls of ERP projects and supports long-term finance transformation and governance objectives.

Why ERP Selection Matters for Mid-Market Finance Teams in BC

ERP is more than a system change—it’s a finance transformation. Grounding ERP selection in finance outcomes ensures clean closes, stronger internal controls, and SOP-driven discipline. For mid-market teams in Vancouver and BC, the right ERP can scale with growth while keeping governance intact.

FinWise runs ERP projects from the finance perspective—process first, software second. For Vancouver and BC finance teams, we help design ERP implementations that protect data quality, embed controls, and accelerate transformation.

Book an ERP readiness session (Vancouver/BC).

Building a Board‑Ready Finance Function (Fractional CFO)

Board-Ready Finance: Role of the Fractional CFO

How a fractional CFO makes board reporting sharper, faster, and decision-ready.

Introduction

In Vancouver’s growing scale-up and sponsor-backed ecosystem, board-ready finance is no longer optional—it’s expected. Founders and CFOs in BC must balance speed, reliability, and insight. Whether managing close calendar discipline, KPI design tied to strategy, or variance narratives that explain drivers, investor-grade reporting is the standard. A fractional CFO can bridge this gap—professionalizing processes without the cost of permanent overhead.

1. Close Calendar Discipline

A board-ready finance function begins with a disciplined close calendar. Too many mid-market companies rely on ad-hoc closing processes, which lead to delays, missed reconciliations, and inconsistent reporting. A fractional CFO sets a monthly and quarterly close cadence that ensures accounts are reconciled, journal entries reviewed, and variances explained—before financial packages go to the board.

Discipline around the close calendar creates transparency and predictability. Boards can trust the numbers, and management avoids last-minute surprises. For investors, especially in Vancouver’s competitive growth market, reliable closing demonstrates maturity and operational control.

2. KPI Design Tied to Strategy

Numbers without context rarely move the needle. Effective KPI design ensures that board reporting tells a story aligned to strategy. A fractional CFO works with management to select the metrics that matter most—whether it’s ARR growth for SaaS businesses, unit economics for consumer brands, or project margin for professional services.

In Vancouver and BC’s scale-up ecosystem, thoughtful KPI design helps management not only meet investor expectations but also drive internal accountability. By linking KPIs to strategic goals, boards get a clear view of progress and can make informed capital allocation decisions.

3. Rolling Cash Forecasts

Cash is the lifeblood of any growing business, and boards demand forward-looking visibility. A board-ready finance function includes rolling cash forecasting—typically 13-week or 12-month horizons—that update dynamically based on actuals and assumptions.

A fractional CFO designs models that account for seasonality, collections, capital raises, and strategic investments. This level of insight helps founders in Vancouver anticipate liquidity gaps, negotiate financing proactively, and make investment decisions with confidence. For investors, rolling forecasts reduce risk and strengthen governance.

4. Variance Narratives That Explain Drivers

Financial statements and dashboards are important, but they mean little without variance narratives. Boards want to know not just what happened, but why. A board-ready finance package includes written analysis that explains variances against budget, forecast, and prior periods—highlighting underlying business drivers.

Fractional CFOs ensure that these narratives move beyond accounting language. They translate numbers into operational insights, allowing boards to focus on strategy rather than questioning the accuracy of reports. This narrative discipline strengthens management credibility and enhances board engagement.

5. Governance Cadence

Strong governance is at the heart of board-ready finance. A fractional CFO establishes a governance cadence that aligns reporting with decision-making. Typically, this includes:

  • Monthly operational reviews with management

  • Quarterly board meetings with full reporting packages

  • Ad-hoc capital decision support for debt raises, equity rounds, or M&A

For Vancouver and Lower Mainland companies preparing for debt financing or private equity investment, governance cadence signals maturity. Investors know the company is not just producing numbers but embedding accountability into its operating rhythm

6. The Role of the Fractional CFO

Many scale-ups hesitate to hire a full-time CFO due to cost, but lack of financial leadership becomes a bottleneck as reporting expectations increase. A fractional CFO bridges this gap. They bring executive-level expertise at a fraction of the cost, often working part-time or on a project basis.

Fractional CFO services typically include:

  • Designing FP&A (Financial Planning & Analysis) processes

  • Building investor-grade reporting packs

  • Leading cash forecasting and scenario planning

  • Supporting debt raises, equity rounds, or M&A readiness

  • Establishing internal controls and governance frameworks

In Vancouver’s mid-market, this model provides agility and scalability—ensuring finance evolves alongside the business.

7. Benefits of a Board-Ready Finance Function

When a company invests in board-ready finance with the support of a fractional CFO, the benefits extend beyond reporting:

  • Investor confidence through reliable, transparent numbers

  • Faster decision-making with clear, insight-driven reports

  • Risk reduction from strong governance and controls

  • Stronger valuation during fundraising or exit events

  • Operational clarity for management and employees alike

These outcomes give founders and boards the tools they need to steer the company effectively and attract long-term capital partners.

Why Vancouver Companies Choose FinWise

At FinWise, we specialize in helping Vancouver and BC scale-ups professionalize their finance functions. Our fractional CFO engagements provide interim leadership, FP&A build-outs, and investor-grade reporting without permanent overhead.

We understand the expectations of lenders, PE sponsors, and venture investors. By focusing on speed, reliability, and insight, we help boards get sharper reporting and founders gain confidence in their numbers. From designing KPI frameworks to running governance cadences, FinWise equips finance teams with the structure they need to support growth and investor demands.

Our Vancouver fractional CFO engagements professionalize reporting and forecasting without permanent overhead—ideal for BC companies preparing for debt raises, PE investment, or M&A.

Schedule a consultation with our fractional CFO team in Vancouver/BC to build a board-ready finance function today.

Purchase Price Allocation (PPA) Under IFRS 3: A Founder’s Guide

Purchase Price Allocation (PPA) Under IFRS 3

Vancouver founders—get audit-ready on IFRS 3 PPA. From intangible valuation to goodwill, we deliver BC-focused purchase price allocation support.

Introduction

For founders and investors in Vancouver’s lower-middle market, a clear Purchase Price Allocation (PPA) is essential—it shapes amortization, bank covenants, and investor reporting. BC acquirers often report under IFRS while courting U.S. capital, so the IFRS 3 PPA Vancouver package must satisfy both Canadian auditors and U.S. investor expectations.

1. Identify the Acquirer and Acquisition Date

The first step in IFRS 3 PPA is to determine the acquirer and the acquisition date. This establishes the point at which assets and liabilities are recognized and measured at fair value. Vancouver founders must document board resolutions, share purchase agreements, and control evidence. Clear identification ensures accurate timing for goodwill recognition and sets the stage for a defensible valuation process in cross-border transactions.

2. Recognize and Measure Tangible Assets

Tangible assets—property, plant, equipment, and inventory—are valued at fair market value on the acquisition date. M&A advisory Vancouver teams reconcile recorded values to appraisals, contracts, and historical cost. Accurate measurement reduces post-close disputes and ensures compliance with IFRS. Including land, buildings, and equipment in a transparent manner also provides lenders and investors confidence in reported asset quality.

3. Identify and Value Intangible Assets

Intangible assets—such as customer lists, technology, intellectual property, and brand value—often represent a significant portion of purchase consideration in Vancouver mid-market deals. Proper intangible valuation Vancouver requires collaboration with valuation specialists to assess fair value, useful life, and amortization schedules. Documentation must justify assumptions and methods, whether using multi-period excess earnings, relief-from-royalty, or cost approaches. Investors and auditors closely scrutinize these estimates; poorly documented intangibles can trigger restatements or reduce credibility.

4. Measure Liabilities, Contingent Consideration, and Deferred Tax

Next, acquire and measure liabilities including leases, pension obligations, environmental commitments, contingent consideration, and deferred taxes. IFRS 3 requires these to be recognized at fair value on the acquisition date. Contingent considerations—such as earn-outs or milestone payments—must be properly documented with probability-weighted scenarios. Deferred taxes arise from fair value adjustments on assets and liabilities. In Vancouver M&A advisory, detailed schedules reconcile these items to ensure post-close compliance and avoid covenant breaches.

5. Reconcile to Goodwill and Non-Controlling Interests

Once assets and liabilities are measured, the residual value is recognized as goodwill. Non-controlling interests (NCI) must also be determined at fair value or proportionate share of net assets. For Canadian companies raising U.S. capital, reconciliations must meet both IFRS and U.S. GAAP expectations. Properly calculated goodwill ensures amortization and impairment tests reflect economic reality. In BC mid-market transactions, detailed schedules and reconciliations provide auditors and investors with traceable, defensible calculations.

6. Document Judgments and Assumptions

Every PPA requires transparent documentation of assumptions, methods, and judgments. Vancouver founders and CFOs must record decisions on asset lives, discount rates, residual values, and contingent consideration probabilities. Proper documentation ensures that auditors, boards, and investors understand the rationale behind allocations. M&A advisory Vancouver emphasizes audit-ready files that demonstrate consistency with covenants, historical performance, and post-close integration plans. Clear judgment logs also reduce disputes during integration or when financial statements are reviewed by lenders or potential investors.

7. Address Cross-Border Considerations

Canadian acquirers frequently work with U.S. investors or parent companies. In such cases, IFRS 3 PPA must align with U.S. GAAP requirements to prevent reconciliation issues. Vancouver CFOs need to ensure asset classification, measurement techniques, and deferred tax treatments meet both frameworks. Early alignment mitigates audit findings, accelerates reporting, and strengthens investor confidence. Collaboration with valuation support BC and international accounting advisors is critical to maintaining credibility with cross-border stakeholders.

8. Integration with Financial Systems

Once the PPA is finalized, entries must be incorporated into ERP and accounting systems. Vancouver finance teams should update general ledgers, amortization schedules, and reporting templates to reflect PPA outcomes. Accurate system integration supports post-close reporting, covenant compliance, and board-level oversight. Goodwill Vancouver and intangible assets must be tracked for impairment testing, while deferred tax balances require ongoing monitoring to ensure accurate quarterly and year-end reporting.

9. Review by Stakeholders

Before finalizing, PPAs should be reviewed by auditors, legal counsel, and the board. Cross-functional review ensures compliance with IFRS 3, supports investor reporting, and addresses tax and legal considerations. Vancouver founders benefit from early reviews, which reduce post-close surprises and facilitate smoother integration of the acquired business. Proper stakeholder engagement also enhances credibility with lenders and potential future investors.

10. Benefits of a Well-Executed PPA

A comprehensive PPA under IFRS 3 provides clarity on asset values, amortization schedules, and goodwill accounting. For Vancouver and BC mid-market companies, it supports:

  • Accurate financial reporting

  • Compliance with covenants and investor expectations

  • Transparent documentation for audits

  • Reduced post-close disputes

  • Smooth integration and post-acquisition governance

Proper execution ensures that founders, CFOs, and boards can make informed decisions, strengthen investor confidence, and mitigate risk during the critical post-close period.

Why PPA Matters for Founders in Vancouver

A defensible IFRS 3 PPA Vancouver ensures founders can withstand audit scrutiny, meet lender metrics, and communicate value drivers clearly. Aligning with valuation support BC and intangible valuation Vancouver experts helps secure stronger terms and long-term investor trust.

We coordinate with valuation specialists and prepare audit-ready PPA documentation for Vancouver transactions, aligning entries and disclosures to your lender metrics and board KPIs.

Schedule a PPA scoping call (Vancouver/BC; virtual across Canada/US).

IFRS 16 & ASC 842: Getting Audit-Ready by Year-End

IFRS 16 & ASC 842 Vancouver: Year-End Audit Readiness

Vancouver CFOs—get audit-ready on IFRS 16/ASC 842 with lease registers, ROU asset models, and disclosure packs tailored for BC groups.

Introduction

BC operators with multi-site real estate and equipment leases—especially in the Lower Mainland—tend to struggle with completeness and model governance. For Vancouver finance teams, year-end success under IFRS 16 Vancouver and ASC 842 BC comes down to tight inventory, clean data, and a documented model.

1. Lease Inventory Completeness

Completeness is the cornerstone of IFRS 16 and ASC 842 compliance. Many service contracts in Canada embed lease components—such as dedicated servers, warehouse space, or equipment commitments—that finance teams overlook. A reconciled lease register is essential, linking contracts, amendments, and schedules back to the general ledger. Auditors will always test for completeness, so CFOs must demonstrate that all arrangements with potential lease elements were reviewed and classified properly. This involves close collaboration between procurement, operations, and finance to capture contracts that might otherwise slip through the cracks.

2. Data Quality and Contract Terms

High-quality data drives accurate lease accounting. Missing or inconsistent details—such as lease terms, renewal or termination options, CPI escalators, or non-lease components—create risk. Canadian companies need systematic processes to capture every required data point. For example, many contracts contain clauses that shift responsibility for insurance, maintenance, or utilities, which must be separated from lease payments under IFRS 16. Verification should include cross-checking contracts against the lease register, testing calculations, and ensuring amendments are recorded promptly. Strong data integrity reduces audit adjustments and improves the credibility of disclosures.

3. Model Governance and Integrity

Building an accounting model is not enough—auditors expect evidence of governance. A compliant IFRS 16/ASC 842 model must document key assumptions such as discount rates, remeasurements, and modification handling. For example, how did management determine the incremental borrowing rate? What methodology governs reassessments of lease terms? Without this documentation, auditors may challenge the results, delaying year-end close. Finance teams in Vancouver should establish clear procedures for maintaining the model, testing formulas, and validating outputs against the lease register. Model integrity ensures that lease liabilities and right-of-use (ROU) assets flow correctly into the financial statements.

4. Internal Controls and Approvals

Controls are just as important as calculations. Under both IFRS 16 and ASC 842, companies must show evidence that lease data and assumptions were reviewed, approved, and updated appropriately. This means defining clear roles for initiators, approvers, and reviewers. For example, procurement may identify contracts, accounting may capture lease terms, and finance leadership may validate discount rates. Review evidence—such as sign-offs, workflow approvals, or documented checklists—should be retained. In Vancouver’s mid-market, companies without defined controls often face audit pushback, as spreadsheets and ad-hoc models lack proper oversight. Implementing structured controls reduces risk and builds credibility

5. Disclosure Readiness

Auditors expect disclosures to be transparent, complete, and reconcilable. Year-end reporting under IFRS 16 and ASC 842 requires both quantitative and qualitative information:

  • Maturity tables of lease liabilities.

  • Roll-forwards of ROU assets and lease obligations.

  • Qualitative policies explaining lease classification, discount rate methodology, and practical expedients.

Traceability is critical—auditors will test whether disclosures reconcile to the lease register, trial balance, and financial statements. Companies should prepare disclosure packs early, ensuring schedules are audit-ready and supported by documentation. This preparation avoids last-minute adjustments and strengthens investor and lender confidence.

6. Audit Expectations in 2025

As Canadian companies enter 2025, auditors are applying higher standards. They expect not only reconciled lease registers but also full traceability from contracts to financial statements. This means being able to walk through a contract, show how terms were interpreted, demonstrate how assumptions were applied in the model, and reconcile results to the general ledger. Audit readiness is no longer about meeting the minimum standard; it is about operationalizing the lease accounting framework so that compliance becomes sustainable year after year

7. Practical Steps for Year-End Success

To avoid year-end delays, Vancouver finance teams should:

  1. Reconcile the lease register against procurement and legal records.

  2. Verify contract data quality—capture all terms, options, and non-lease components.

  3. Document model governance, including discount rate policies and remeasurement logic.

  4. Implement clear controls—initiator, approver, and reviewer roles with evidence of oversight.

  5. Prepare disclosure packs—maturity tables, roll-forwards, and qualitative policies.

These steps position companies for smoother audits and reduce the risk of last-minute surprises.

Why Audit Readiness Matters in Vancouver

For Lower Mainland operators, lease accounting Vancouver under IFRS 16 and ASC 842 is now a core audit focus. Strong inventory management, governance over discount rates, and reconciled ROU assets Vancouver schedules protect valuations, lender trust, and board confidence.

We set up lease registers, discount-rate governance, and disclosure packs for Vancouver-based groups (including entities with U.S. parents), so your ROU assets, lease liabilities, and maturity tables stand up to audit scrutiny.

Get our IFRS 16/ASC 842 year-end checklist tailored for Vancouver teams.

IFRS 15 vs. ASC 606 for Canadian SaaS: 7 Revenue Traps

IFRS 15 vs. ASC 606 for Canadian SaaS (2025): 7 Revenue Traps

Vancouver SaaS CFOs—avoid 7 common IFRS 15 and ASC 606 revenue recognition traps with SSP testing and RevOps automation.

Introduction

Vancouver’s SaaS ecosystem is scaling globally, but revenue policies often lag growth. Lower Mainland finance teams frequently consolidate under IFRS 15 Canada while U.S. parents report under ASC 606—creating timing and disclosure gaps that surface at audit or during diligence. These are the seven traps we see most in Vancouver and how to avoid them.

1. Subscription vs. Implementation Misclassification

In Vancouver’s SaaS market, one of the most common pitfalls under IFRS 15 Canada and ASC 606 BC is misclassifying subscription revenue and implementation fees. Many Lower Mainland finance teams mistakenly recognize setup or customization costs as recurring subscription income, which inflates margins and triggers audit adjustments. Proper SSP testing in Vancouver ensures subscription services are recognized over time, while one-time implementation revenue is deferred or amortized correctly. Partnering with local RevOps Vancouver and accounting advisors reduces compliance risk, strengthens investor trust, and supports smoother diligence reviews in cross-border M&A or funding rounds.

2. SSP Testing Challenges

In Vancouver SaaS revenue recognition, one of the toughest hurdles under IFRS 15 Canada and ASC 606 BC is accurately determining standalone selling prices (SSP). Many Lower Mainland finance teams rely on outdated cost-plus methods or generic discounts, leading to inconsistent allocations across subscription and implementation elements. Improper SSP testing in Vancouver can cause revenue deferrals, audit findings, and credibility issues during diligence. Robust benchmarking, statistical modeling, and documentation strengthen compliance and defend positions with auditors or investors. Local RevOps Vancouver experts help SaaS companies streamline SSP testing to stay audit-ready and investor-grade as they scale globally.

3. Timing Gaps in Multi-Element Arrangements

For Vancouver SaaS companies, multi-element arrangements often create timing gaps under IFRS 15 Canada and ASC 606 BC. Bundled contracts that include subscriptions, implementation, and support can lead to revenue being recognized too early or too late if elements are not separated correctly. In the BC Lower Mainland, finance teams must carefully allocate standalone selling prices (SSP) and align recognition patterns with performance obligations. Failure to do so exposes firms to audit scrutiny and weakens investor trust. By leveraging RevOps Vancouver support, SaaS leaders can standardize policies, reduce risk, and present revenue streams transparently during diligence

4. Over-Reliance on Spreadsheets

Many Vancouver SaaS finance teams still depend heavily on spreadsheets for revenue recognition under IFRS 15 Canada and ASC 606 BC. While flexible, spreadsheets increase risks of formula errors, version control issues, and weak audit trails. In the Lower Mainland, over-reliance on manual models often results in inconsistent cutoffs and timing gaps, raising red flags during due diligence. Auditors and investors now expect systemized revenue subledgers tied to the GL. By adopting automation tools and partnering with RevOps Vancouver experts, SaaS companies can replace fragile spreadsheets with scalable processes—ensuring compliance, transparency, and audit readiness as they grow.

5. Contract Modifications

In Vancouver SaaS revenue recognition, contract modifications are a frequent source of errors under IFRS 15 Canada and ASC 606 BC. Mid-contract changes—like upsells, renewals, or discounts—must be assessed to determine whether they represent a new contract or a modification of the existing one. Many Lower Mainland finance teams mistakenly blend revenues, creating timing distortions and compliance issues. Proper documentation and SSP allocation ensure modifications are recognized consistently across performance obligations. With guidance from RevOps Vancouver specialists, SaaS firms can standardize modification policies, reduce audit risks, and present clearer revenue profiles to investors and acquirers.

6. Deferred Revenue Reconciliations

For Vancouver SaaS companies, deferred revenue reconciliations remain one of the toughest compliance challenges under IFRS 15 Canada and ASC 606 BC. Finance teams in the Lower Mainland often struggle to align billings, cash collections, and revenue recognition schedules—leading to mismatched balances and audit concerns. Errors in deferred revenue roll-forwards undermine investor trust and can trigger diligence red flags in M&A or funding rounds. Implementing automated revenue subledgers and documented reconciliation processes strengthens transparency. With support from RevOps Vancouver, SaaS firms can streamline reconciliations, ensure audit readiness, and deliver accurate reporting that scales with growth.

7. Disclosure Deficiencies

Canadian SaaS teams sometimes miss detailed disclosures required by IFRS 15 and ASC 606. Proactive reporting aligned with SaaS revenue recognition Vancouver standards strengthens credibility with investors and acquirers.

Why It Matters for Vancouver SaaS CFOs

Audit and diligence processes increasingly scrutinize revenue policies. By mastering IFRS 15 Canada, ensuring ASC 606 alignment BC, and leveraging RevOps Vancouver automation, CFOs protect valuations and avoid costly restatements.

We help Vancouver-based SaaS companies document policies, test SSP models, and automate revenue subledgers that tie to the GL and disclosures—so you’re audit-ready and diligence-proof across Canada and the U.S.

Request a Vancouver-focused revenue policy review (IFRS 15/ASC 606).